What are the Top 10 Most Secular Countries in the World?

Culture

Religion has been a defining element of human culture for millennia, shaping societies, moral codes, and even political systems. Yet, as modernity advances, some nations have moved toward secularism—prioritizing a clear separation of religion and state, fostering diverse beliefs, and even cultivating non-religious or humanist values. But what does it mean for a country to be secular? Is it merely a decline in religiosity, or does it encompass something deeper—a societal embrace of reason, freedom of thought, and pluralism?

We examine the most secular countries on Earth, analyzing the factors behind their secular status, how secularism manifests in their societies, and what this means for their cultures and governance. Each of these nations demonstrates unique paths toward secularism, influenced by history, demographics, and societal values.

What Defines a Secular Country?

Secularism isn’t a simple concept. It often refers to a political and philosophical stance where religion and government operate independently. In secular societies, laws are typically based on rational, non-religious principles, and citizens are free to practice (or not practice) any faith without state interference. However, secularism doesn’t always mean a lack of religion—it can coexist with deeply religious populations as long as the state remains neutral.

Main indicators of secularism include:

  • Low levels of religious affiliation or practice among citizens.
  • Governance based on secular principles rather than religious doctrine.
  • Societal emphasis on science, education, and individual freedoms over religious orthodoxy.
  • Legal protections ensuring freedom of (and from) religion.

1. Sweden: A Model of Modern Secularism

Sweden is often regarded as one of the most secular countries in the world. While historically a deeply Christian society, with the Lutheran Church playing a central role, Sweden has undergone a dramatic transformation over the last century.

Today, more than 60% of Swedes identify as non-religious, and nearly half describe themselves as atheists. Religion has little influence on public life, and church attendance is among the lowest globally. Despite this, the Church of Sweden remains one of the largest Lutheran denominations in the world—but its role is more cultural than spiritual.

Sweden’s secularism is underpinned by a robust welfare state, comprehensive sex education, and a societal focus on equality and science. Policies like same-sex marriage and abortion rights enjoy widespread support, reflecting a population that values individual freedoms over religious dogma.

2. Estonia: A Quiet Haven of Non-Belief

Nestled in the Baltics, Estonia is unique for its strikingly low levels of religiosity. According to surveys, only 16% of Estonians say religion plays a significant role in their lives. This secularism stems in part from the nation’s complex history.

During Soviet occupation, religious practice was heavily discouraged, and while Estonia regained independence in 1991, the cultural shift toward secularism had already taken root. Today, the younger generations in Estonia largely identify as agnostic or atheist, and the country prides itself on its progressive policies and advanced technological infrastructure.

3. Czech Republic: A Bastion of Atheism

The Czech Republic boasts some of the highest rates of atheism in the world. Over 70% of its population identifies as non-religious, with many citing historical and cultural reasons for this trend.

Under Habsburg rule, Catholicism was enforced, leading to resentment that lasted even after the empire’s dissolution. Later, communist rule further suppressed religious practices. While the country is now a democracy, the Czech people’s skepticism of organized religion endures.

Czech secularism is reflected in their approach to politics, education, and culture. Policies are inclusive, and religion rarely enters public discourse, allowing a society where belief—or lack thereof—is a personal matter.

4. Denmark: Secular, Yet Cultural Christianity

Denmark, like Sweden, is a predominantly secular society despite maintaining the Evangelical Lutheran Church as its state religion. Fewer than 25% of Danes regularly attend church, and most view religion as a cultural identity rather than a spiritual necessity.

Denmark’s secular character is supported by strong public institutions, universal healthcare, and free education. The Danes’ commitment to equality and freedom extends to all citizens, regardless of their religious affiliations—or lack thereof.

5. Norway: A Secular Evolution

Norway’s journey to secularism mirrors that of its Nordic neighbors. Once a deeply religious country, Norway has seen a significant decline in church membership and attendance over the past century.

In 2012, the Norwegian government formally separated the Church of Norway from the state, symbolizing a commitment to secular governance. Today, Norway ranks among the most secular nations, with policies reflecting a progressive approach to social issues.

6. Japan: Religion as Ritual, Not Faith

Japan is an intriguing case when it comes to secularism. While religious practices like Shinto rituals and Buddhist ceremonies are deeply ingrained in Japanese culture, they are often more about tradition than belief.

Surveys show that many Japanese people do not identify with a specific religion or believe in a personal god. Instead, they view religious practices as cultural customs tied to family and societal events. This cultural approach to religion has allowed Japan to maintain a secular society while honoring its heritage.

7. France: The Birthplace of Laïcité

France is synonymous with laïcité, a strict form of secularism that enforces a rigid separation of church and state. Rooted in the French Revolution and solidified by 20th-century policies, laïcité ensures that religion does not influence public affairs.

Religious symbols, such as hijabs or crosses, are banned in public schools and government offices to preserve secular spaces. While this approach has sparked controversy, especially among religious minorities, it reflects France’s deep commitment to equality and freedom from religious influence.

8. Netherlands: A Legacy of Tolerance

The Netherlands has long been a pioneer of secular and progressive values. Despite its Calvinist roots, modern Dutch society places little emphasis on religious adherence. A majority of Dutch people identify as non-religious or atheist, and church attendance is remarkably low.

Dutch secularism is reflected in policies that prioritize individual rights, including euthanasia, same-sex marriage, and drug decriminalization. This ethos of tolerance and freedom has made the Netherlands a global model for secular governance.

9. New Zealand: Secularism in the Pacific

New Zealand is one of the most secular countries outside Europe. Over half of New Zealanders identify as non-religious, with younger generations leading the shift away from traditional religious practices.

While New Zealand respects religious diversity, its laws and policies are firmly rooted in secular principles. Education and healthcare are inclusive, and religion plays little role in public life.

10. South Korea: A Rapid Transformation

South Korea’s journey toward secularism is unique, marked by rapid modernization and technological advancement. While the country is still home to vibrant Christian and Buddhist communities, a growing number of South Koreans identify as non-religious, particularly among younger generations.

This secular trend is evident in South Korea’s progressive policies and emphasis on education and science. However, religion continues to play a role in social and cultural life, creating a dynamic interplay between tradition and modernity.

The rise of secularism is more than a demographic trend—it reflects broader societal changes. In secular countries, governance is often more inclusive, allowing diverse beliefs to coexist without state favoritism. Secularism also promotes scientific inquiry, gender equality, and human rights by removing religious barriers that might impede progress.

Yet, secularism is not without challenges. In some nations, the push for secular policies can lead to tensions with religious communities, raising questions about the balance between freedom of religion and freedom from religion.

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the role of religion in public life will continue to evolve. Secular countries offer a glimpse into a future where diverse beliefs coexist peacefully, governance is guided by reason, and individual freedoms are upheld.

The stories of these ten nations remind us that secularism is not about erasing faith but about creating a society where everyone—believer or non-believer—can thrive.

Content Photo by Raphael Andres on Unsplash

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Tags: atheism, christianity, czech republic, denmark, estonia, france, japan, netherlands, new zealand, norway, religion, secular, south korea, sweden
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